Tranexamic acid is an amino acid that fades discolorations by interrupting pathways in the skin that lead to uneven tone. It is super-effective in reducing dark spots and diminishing redness. Tranexamic acid breaks down into hydroquinone, a known depigmenting agent. Consistent use over 2-3 months has been proven to reveal a more even, youthful complexion, making it suitable even for melasma-prone skin.

Arbutin is a potent antioxidant known for fading discolorations and evening out skin tone without corroding the skin barrier. This ingredient, naturally as well as synthetically produced, is a gold standard for dark spot treatments due to its effectiveness and low risk of irritation. Arbutin's brightening effect comes from its ability to inhibit tyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for melanin production in the skin, thereby regulating dark spots and balancing tone.

A form of Vitamin B3 with a multitude of skin-centric benefits. Niacinamide clears away impurities and controls excess sebum, shrinks enlarged pores, bolsters the skin barrier and boosts radiance. This skin-refining antioxidant also helps maintain a healthy lipid and moisture barrier, which keeps skin hydrated, supple and smooth.

Raspberry, strawberry, cranberry, and blueberry extracts are potent antioxidants that brighten and even skin tone. Raspberries and strawberries are rich in anthocyanins, which help protect skin from environmental damage. Strawberry extract also hydrates and soothes with saccharides and ellagic acid, while raspberry extract enhances skin firmness and defends against UVB damage. Cranberry's proanthocyanidins and blueberry's polyphenols shield skin from oxidative stress, helping to prevent discoloration and inflammation. Together, these berry extracts promote a radiant, balanced complexion with added protection against external aggressors.